Top of appendix Contents Bibliography B.1. International Phonetic Alphabet symbols B.2. Phonetic terms

Appendix B
Phonetic Symbols and Terms

B.1. International Phonetic Alphabet symbols

Symbol	Description	Example
ɑ	open back unrounded vowel	mann ‘man’
ɑː	long open back unrounded vowel	ān ‘one’
æ	open-mid to open front unrounded vowel	bæc ‘back’
æː	long open-mid to open front unrounded vowel	rǣdan ‘read’
ʌ	open-mid back unrounded vowel	Modern English but
b	voiced bilabial stop	bōc ‘book’
β	voiced bilabial spirant
ç	voiceless palatal spirant	niht ‘night’
d	voiced dental/alveolar stop	dēofol ‘devil’
ʤ	voiced postalveolar affricate	enġel ‘angel’
ð	voiced dental spirant	feðer ‘wing’
e	close-mid front unrounded vowel	etan ‘eat’
eː	long close-mid front unrounded vowel	hēr ‘here’
ə	mid central unrounded vowel	Modern English China
ɛ	open-mid front unrounded vowel	Modern English set
f	voiceless labiodental spirant	feorr ‘far’
ɡ	voiced velar stop	gōd ‘good’
ɣ	voiced velar spirant	āgan ‘own’
h	voiceless glottal spirant	hand ‘hand’
i	close front unrounded vowel	sittan ‘sit’
iː	long close front unrounded vowel	bītan ‘bite’
ɪ	close to close-mid front unrounded vowel	iernan ‘run’
ɪː	long close to close-mid front unrounded vowel	hīeran ‘hear’
j	voiced palatal approximant	ġē ‘you’
k	voiceless velar stop	camb ‘comb’
l	alveolar lateral approximant	lamb ‘lamb’
m	bilabial nasal	mann ‘man’
n	dental/alveolar nasal	nū ‘now’
ŋ	velar nasal	singan ‘sing’
o	close-mid back rounded vowel	open ‘open’
oː	long close-mid back rounded vowel	ōr ‘origin’
p	voiceless bilabial stop	prēost ‘priest’
r	alveolar trill	rǣdan ‘read’
s	voiceless alveolar spirant	sittan ‘sit’
ʃ	voiceless postalveolar spirant	scip ‘ship’
t	voiceless dental/alveolar stop	twēġen ‘two’
ʧ	voiceless postalveolar affricate	ċild ‘child’
θ	voiceless dental spirant	þēaw ‘custom’
u	close back rounded vowel	burg ‘stronghold’
uː	long close back rounded vowel	būgan ‘bow’
ʊ	close to close-mid back rounded vowel	Modern English put
v	voiced labiodental spirant	heofon ‘heaven’
w	voiced labio-velar approximant	weall ‘wall’
x	voiceless velar spirant	beorht ‘bright’
y	close front rounded vowel	yfel ‘evil’
yː	long close front rounded vowel	brȳd ‘bride’
z	voiced alveolar spirant	rīsan ‘rise’

B.2. Phonetic terms

back vowel.	A vowel pronounced toward the back of the mouth, e.g. [ɑou].
front vowel.	A vowel pronounced toward the front of the mouth, e.g. [ieæ].
high vowel.	A vowel pronounced with the tongue raised, e.g. [iuy].
liquid.	A term applied to the consonants [l] and [r].
low vowel.	A vowel pronounced with the tongue and jaw lowered, e.g. [æɑ].
nasal.	A consonant pronounced by passing air through the nose: [m] and [n].
rounded vowel.	A vowel pronounced with the lips rounded, e.g. [uoy].
spirant.	A consonant produced by passing air through a narrow opening in the mouth, e.g. [fsθvz]; also called a fricative.
stop.	A consonant produced by momentarily stopping the breath, e.g. [bgkp]; also called a plosive.
unvoiced.	Pronounced while the vocal chords are not vibrating, e.g. [fhkpst].
voiced.	Pronounced while the vocal chords are vibrating. A vowel is always voiced; so are the consonants [bdgvz].